A triode tube consists of three elements: (1) a
cathode that emits a stream of electrons, (2) a grid that
controls the electron stream, and (3) a plate that
attracts the electrons and catches them after they pass
through the grid.
1. Cathode: The cathode emits a stream of elec-
trons.
2. Grid: The grid acts as a valve, opening or
closing the current path according to the voltage ap-
plied to it. The RF input signal comes to the grid as a
weak alternating voltage. This voltage modulates the
electron flow through the tube at the radio frequency.
3. Plate: The electron stream then delivers, at the
plate, an alternating current, which is an amplified
reproduction of the input signal. This alternating
current flows through the resonant plate circuit and
excites alternating voltages across it. These voltages
constitute the RF output from the amplifier.
The time it takes electrons to cross the tube is ap-
proximately one-billionth of a second. This transit
time is short compared to the period of a cycle of a
radio wave below the microwave range (approxi-
mately one-millionth of a second). Hence, the elec-
trons are slowed down or speeded up by the voltage
on the grid at a given instant. The flow of electrons,
therefore, can follow the voltage fluctuation on the
grid.
In the case of microwaves, however, the oscil-
lations are so rapid (the cycle period is so short) that
the voltage on the grid may go through several com-
plete oscillations while a particular quantity of
electrons travel across the tube. In other words, the
grid voltage changes too rapidly for the electrons to
follow the fluctuation. There are other reasons why
the conventional triode tube fails at microwave fre-
quencies, but the most fundamental reason is that the
transit time of the electrons is long when compared to
the period of one cycle of the microwave signal.
The klystron amplifier makes a virtue of the very
thing that defeats the triodethe transit time of the
electrons. The klystron amplifier modulates the ve-
locity of the electrons, so that as the electrons travel
through the tube, electron bunches are formed. These
bunches deliver an oscillating current to the output
resonant circuit of the klystron. The klystron amplifier
consists of three separate sections: the electron gun,
the RF section, and the collector.
. Electron Gun: The electron gun consists of a
heater, a cathode, a control grid, and an anode. Elec-
trons are emitted by the cathode and drawn toward the
anode, which is operated at a positive potential with
respect to the cathode. The electrons are formed into
a narrow beam by either electrostatic or magnetic
focusing techniques. The control grid is used to con-
trol the number of electrons that reach the anode re-
gion. It may also be used to turn the tube completely
on or off in certain pulsed-amplifier applications.
Well-formed by the time it reaches the anode, the
electron beam passes through a hole in the anode and
on to the RF section of the tube, eventually striking
the collector. The electrons are returned to the cathode
through an external power supply. It is evident that
the collector of a klystron amplifier acts much like the
plate of a triode insofar as the collecting of electrons
is concerned. However, there is one important dif-
ference. The plate of a triode is normally connected,
in some fashion, to the output RF circuit, whereas in
a klystron amplifier, the collector has no connection
to the RF circuitry at all.
. RF Section: The RF section of a basic kly-
stron amplifier is quite different from a conventional
triode amplifier. The resonant circuits used in a kly-
stron amplifier are reentrant cavities.
. Collector: The collector is normally insulated
from the RF section of large klystron amplifiers to
permit separate metering of the electrons intercepted
by the drift tubes and those intercepted by the col-
lector. The electrons intercepted by the RF section are
called body current, whereas electrons intercepted by
the collector are referred to as collector current. Ob-
viously, the sum of the body current and the collector
current is equal to the total current in the electron
beam, which is called beam current. Klystron am-
plifier specifications often place a maximum limit on
allowable body current. The collector of most high-
power klystrons is insulated from the body of the
tube, This allows separate metering and overload pro-
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