Figure 4-3.—Examples of IC packaging.use of integrated circuits. Therefore, we focus on theuse of ICs in the computer.The integrated circuit is a complete electroniccircuit, containing transistors and perhaps diodes,resistors, capacitors, and other electronic components,along with their interconnecting electrical conductors.ICs provide three major advantages: small sire, lowcost, and high reliability.IC PACKAGINGHow ICs are packaged is determined by how theyare integrated in a computer system. Packagingincludes but is not limited to the following:Dual-in-line packages (DIPs); plastic andceramicFlat-packs; metal and ceramicMetal cans (transistor-outlines [TOs])Leadless chip carriers (LCCs); plastic (PLCCs)and ceramic (CLCCs)Leaded chip carriersSmall-outline ICs (SOICs)Pin grid arrays (PGAs)Single inline memory modules (SIMMs)Single inline packages (SIPs)Single inline pin packages (SIPPs)See figure 4-3 for IC packaging examples.IC SIZE INTEGRATIONThe reason ICs are packaged in various sizes is notthe chip they require, but the number of leads; the moreleads, the larger the package. The number of gates ofeach IC determines the integration sires. The types ofintegration are summarized as follows:Small-scale integration (SSI)—ICs with up to 9gates.Medium-scale integration (MSI)—ICs with 10to 100 gates.4-5
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